At present, with the various social contradictions and conflicts caused by the unbalanced social and economic development in my country, violent crimes occur from time to time. Grassroots police often face complex situations and great pressure in the process of on-site law enforcement. The conventional use of unarmed defense and control techniques or police equipment such as batons, police tear gas sprayers, handcuffs, etc. is no longer sufficient to deal with the complex police situations. When conflicts and confrontations occur in on-site law enforcement, law enforcement officers and law enforcement targets are at a disadvantage in terms of force, unnecessary casualties are likely to occur. At the same time, the complex law enforcement environment has high requirements for the conditions and timing of the use of weapons by police officers to stop crimes, and it is easy to cause accidental injuries and greater safety risks. The effective uniformity and non-lethality of long-range stun gun meet the actual needs of on-site law enforcement. It plays an increasingly important role in improving the safety and efficiency of police on-site law enforcement and maximizing the safety of law enforcement officers, law enforcement targets and the lives of the masses.

1. Necessity of using long-range stun guns in on-site law enforcement by the public security

(I) Concept of long-range stun guns

Non-lethal weapons refer to special weapons that can temporarily make people lose their resistance or make equipment, facilities and equipment lose their functions without depriving them of their lives when used safely and in accordance with the law. The purpose of using non-lethal weapons is to make people lose their ability to move, so as to approach and deal with the target in a non-resistance and safe manner. Long-range stun guns are a pair of charged electrodes that are fired at a target at a long distance, and through micro-current electronic pulses, the muscles of the whole body of the target will involuntarily contract and lose their ability to move, thereby achieving the purpose of controlling the criminal. Compared with other non-lethal weapons with striking methods, long-range stun guns have the characteristics of obvious and rapid effects, wide effective striking range, easy use, and little subsequent damage. After the electric shock, the body's functions can be restored quickly, usually without causing permanent damage or harming bystanders. Long-range stun guns are usually used in specific law enforcement situations, generally used to stop violent behavior, control resisting targets, and capture high-risk criminals.

(2) Necessity of using long-range stun guns

• To ensure the personal safety of police officers. In recent years, violent attacks on police officers have occurred from time to time, and cases in which police officers have been injured or even sacrificed are thought-provoking. Case studies have shown that the main reason for the injury or even sacrifice of police officers is often the sudden close-range violent attack by law enforcement targets. At present, grassroots police work is busy, and police officers have limited time to receive professional training. The level of single police equipment such as stun batons and police tear gas sprayers is often uneven. Therefore, grassroots police officers urgently need to be equipped with police equipment between weapons and police equipment, which can quickly and effectively subdue violent law-abiding targets and effectively protect the safety of the police themselves. The use of long-range stun guns can effectively respond to dangerous situations such as armed attacks by law enforcement targets, quickly suppress the suspect's attack, reduce the risk of police being attacked, and thus protect their personal safety.

• Protect the right to life of law enforcement targets. In the process of police law enforcement, it is necessary to pay attention to the protection of human rights, especially to maximize the protection of the right to life of law enforcement targets. The electric shock function of the long-range stun gun can temporarily incapacitate the suspect, thereby preventing the police from using lethal force against him. Compared with traditional means of force, the use of remote stun guns can select appropriate duration and intensity of shock according to the degree of resistance and danger of the suspect, which helps the police to grasp the degree of use of force more accurately, protect the life safety of the law enforcement object to the maximum extent, and also helps to avoid problems such as excessive use of force.

• Improve the effectiveness of police law enforcement. At present, more and more types of non-lethal weapons are being used in police operations. This is based on the actual needs of safe, rational and humanized police handling, and it also meets the requirements of the times for innovation in the current police model. Years of actual combat applications and related research have shown that non-lethal weapons are safe, effective and reliable force tools that can be used by law enforcement departments. At present, some law enforcement units in china have also purchased and used remote stun guns. Judging from the feedback from the use, its fast and efficient uniform effect and non-lethal characteristics can indeed greatly improve the law enforcement effectiveness of front-line police officers.

2. Outstanding problems in the use of long-distance electric shock devices by police on-site law enforcement

(I) Long-distance stun guns lack clear legal regulations

• The legal nature of long-distance stun guns varies. At present, relevant laws and regulations have not yet clarified whether long-distance stun guns are police weapons or police equipment. Although some local public security organs have explored the use of long-distance stun guns, the Ministry of Public Security has not yet certified and installed them as single police equipment. In addition, there are no clear regulations on the use of long-distance stun guns. Although some provincial and municipal public security organs have formulated temporary use regulations based on local conditions, there is a lack of national laws, regulations or departmental regulations to support them. There is still a lack of clear demarcation of the use principles, applicable circumstances, use procedures, and legal responsibilities for illegal use of long-distance stun guns.

• The subject and object of long-distance stun guns are unclear. The unclear legal nature of long-distance stun guns leads to uncertainty in the subject and object of use. On the one hand, according to the differences in the use of police equipment and weapons in laws and regulations, the police are unclear whether to use long-distance stun guns according to the provisions of police equipment or police weapons when enforcing the law on the scene, which makes it easy for deviations to occur during operation; on the other hand, the police are prone to unclear objects of use when enforcing the law on the scene. At present, the use of long-distance stun guns as non-lethal police weapons has not yet clarified its applicable objects and legal responsibilities, and lacks clear legal and regulatory support.

(2) The procedures and conditions for using long-distance stun guns are unclear

• The prior procedures are unclear. There are many risks in using long-distance stun guns. First, there are risks in the applicable circumstances. Since the properties of long-distance stun guns are unclear, police officers often decide whether to use them based on personal judgment and discretion at the scene of law enforcement, which easily leads to the risk of being identified as illegal use. Second, there are risks in the use procedures. When using long-distance stun guns, police officers need to perform a series of complex operations, but the laws and regulations do not clearly stipulate these details and lack operational guidance. Third, there are risks in the judgment standards. According to the Regulations on the Use of Police Equipment and Weapons by People's Police of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on the Use of Police Equipment and Weapons by People's Police), the use of police equipment and weapons by police should meet certain circumstances and warning requirements. However, in on-site law enforcement, it is difficult for police officers to accurately judge whether the use of police equipment meets the standards for upgrading to the use of weapons in an emergency, and whether appropriate warnings are required.

• The conditions for use are unclear. The "Detailed Rules for Law Enforcement of Public Security Organs" and "Operational Procedures for People's Police of Public Security Organs to Stop Illegal and Criminal Behaviors on the Spot" and other regulations clearly define the principle of minimum use of force by people's police and the provisions that the level of use of force should be commensurate with the degree of infringement. However, there are no specific regulations and standards for the use of long-range stun guns as a kind of police equipment or weapons in the process of law enforcement. Compared with police tear gas sprayers, batons and other police equipment, it is not clear whether long-range stun guns can be used when unarmed stopping is ineffective and must be upgraded to police equipment stopping or when weapons are used to stop. In the level of using police equipment to stop, it is not clear at which stage the timing of its use should be placed, whether a warning is required, and whether it can be used directly.

• The post-event handling is not perfect. According to the provisions of Article of the "Regulations on the Use of Police Equipment and Weapons by People's Police" on relevant reviews, if the people's police use police equipment and weapons to cause casualties to suspects of lawbreakers or innocent people, they should promptly investigate and notify the People's Procuratorate. However, in the current field where police officers are used to enforcing the law under camera, the use of long-distance stun guns may face many uncertain risks. Often, based on the rationality and scientificity of the police's subjective judgment or the pressure of public opinion, the police's law enforcement authority is vulnerable to challenge or face law enforcement risks and more serious disciplinary sanctions. The legal provisions on how police officers can accurately and scientifically distinguish between legal and reasonable use of long-distance stun guns, as well as legal remedies and related procedures for improper use that causes casualties to law enforcement targets or illegal use that causes personal injury or death to citizens are not clear.

(3) Special training for long-distance stun guns is not standardized

• There is a tendency to focus on operational skills and neglect procedural training. At present, long-distance stun guns have been used to a certain extent in public security law enforcement operations, and have achieved good practical results in many cases. However, the relevant training of long-distance stun guns is not included in the public security police training syllabus, and is mainly carried out by the instructor team or technical personnel of the relevant equipment manufacturers. The content mainly focuses on the product performance introduction and basic operation of the stun gun. Although some public security department instructors have conducted some research on long-distance stun guns and designed relevant courses, the training content often tends to focus on basic operations and neglect procedural training. The summary of procedures before, during and after use is incomplete and inaccurate, and the training process is not systematic and scientific enough, resulting in weak procedural awareness among trainees, which directly affects the standardization of the use of long-distance stun guns in actual combat.

• Insufficient training in multiple scenarios and all elements. At present, the special training of non-lethal police equipment is still in the development stage, and the scientificity, systematization and practicality of its training need to be further improved. Even though some public security organs have carried out some basic operation and use procedure training, targeted training in specific law enforcement scenarios is still lacking. For example, training methods such as red-blue confrontation or scenario simulation are rarely used, resulting in poor training results; in addition, there is more basic training, and there is a general lack of comprehensive tactical training in all aspects and throughout the process.

3. Suggestions on improving the effectiveness of long-distance electric shock devices in on-site law enforcement by the police

(I) Improve the relevant legal provisions on the use of long-distance stun guns
In recent years, the use of long-distance stun guns has played an important role in maintaining social order and protecting the safety of citizens. In order to ensure the legality and standardization of the use of long-distance stun guns by public security on-site law enforcement, public security organs should promote the improvement of relevant supporting laws and regulations as soon as possible to provide a legal basis for the legal and compliant use of long-distance stun guns by police officers.

• The law should clearly define the nature of the force of long-distance stun guns. The levels of police law enforcement use of force mainly include language control, bare-handed control, police equipment control and weapon control. Accurately defining the nature of long-distance stun guns is the key to determining their force level positioning. Several key factors need to be considered in the definition: First, long-distance stun guns are non-lethal weapons that are designed to temporarily incapacitate people through electric shocks. Second, their higher-level force attributes. In this regard, domestic scholars have different views. Some scholars believe that stun guns should be identified as firearms, while others believe that non-lethal weapons such as stun guns should be classified as police equipment. Sun Jianguo, a deputy to the National People's Congress, suggested that stun guns be included in the category of police weapons and promoted their use, and suggested revising the "Regulations on the Use of Police Equipment and Weapons by the People's Police" to clearly include stun guns in the category of weapons in the regulations and promote their use among grassroots police officers. Some people also believe that non-lethal weapons such as stun guns should be classified as police equipment. The author believes that long-distance stun guns should be an intermediate level of force between police equipment and weapons.

• Clarify the norms for the use of long-distance stun guns by police. Public security organs should actively promote the formulation of relevant norms for the use of long-distance stun guns. First, the standards for the use of long-distance stun guns by police should be clarified. Long-distance stun guns have a strong uniformity, and the formulation of clear legal norms is conducive to regulating their use and management. The author believes that the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Guns" and "Regulations on the Use of Police Equipment and Weapons by the People's Police" and other laws and regulations can be referred to to formulate corresponding laws and regulations on the management of police non-lethal weapons, regulate the use of long-distance stun guns at the legal level, and clarify the legal status of police as the subject of long-distance stun gun users. Second, it is stipulated that police officers who are equipped with and use the equipment should receive special training on long-distance stun guns and can only be approved to hold them after passing a systematic assessment, ensuring that they strictly abide by the principles of necessity, moderation and rationality during use. In addition, the objects and conditions for prohibiting the use of the equipment should be clearly defined. There should be clear restrictions on groups where electric shocks are likely to lead to more serious consequences, such as pregnant women, the elderly, minors, the disabled, patients with severe cardiovascular diseases and other specific groups. Third, a supervision and accountability mechanism for the use of long-distance stun guns should be established simultaneously. This aspect mainly includes internal supervision, supervision by external independent agencies, and training and assessment of law enforcement personnel.

(2) Improve the procedural awareness of using long-distance stun guns

• Improve the pre-procedure. The pre-procedure for police officers to use stun guns can be formulated with reference to the pre-procedure for the use of police equipment and weapons, and the specific use regulations can be improved mainly by referring to the following three aspects: First, threat assessment and situation analysis. Before using long-distance stun guns, police officers should conduct threat assessment and situation analysis on the incident, mainly including assessing the severity of the threat, potential harm, the degree of resistance of the target, and the situation of the surrounding environment. Second, warning and communication. Police officers should first give warnings and communicate with the target to ease the tension as much as possible. Third, concise and clear commands and instructions. Before using long-distance stun guns, police officers should provide concise and clear commands and instructions that cover the purpose and behavior requirements to ensure that the target clearly knows the expectations and consequences of the response.

• Refine the level of conditions for the use of long-distance stun guns. Long-distance stun guns are more effective in avoiding death and injury. Comprehensively refer to the level of conditions for the use of police equipment and weapons, and subdivide the level of conditions for the use of long-distance stun guns by the threat level and urgency. This article proposes three levels of use conditions: the first level of use conditions (high threat, emergency) applies to situations with extreme danger or violent threats that need to be stopped immediately; the second level of use conditions (medium threat, emergency) applies to situations with a high degree of threat but not immediately causing serious harm; the third level of use conditions (low threat or limited threat) applies to situations with a low or limited degree of threat. The specific conditions for the use of remote stun guns by police should be stipulated by relevant laws and policies and adjusted according to specific circumstances.

• Regulate the post-processing mechanism for the use of remote stun guns. There are mainly two situations in which police use police equipment and weapons improperly during law enforcement: one is misuse, that is, use of police equipment and weapons when they should not be used, or excessive use beyond the necessary limit. The second is use under subjective cognitive errors, that is, use when subjective cognition does not match objective facts or misunderstands the legality of the behavior. Therefore, establishing a post-processing mechanism for the use of remote stun guns will help prevent police officers from over-relying on and using the equipment. Establishing a post-processing mechanism for regulating the use of remote stun guns by police is a key step to ensure legality and traceability, which mainly includes the following points: First, reporting and recording. After using a remote stun gun, the police should promptly submit a detailed incident report and establish records and evidence to support the legality and applicability of the police's use of remote stun guns. Second, medical assistance and follow-up tracking. If the target is injured after use, the police should immediately provide necessary medical assistance. Third, data collection and analysis. The public security organs should establish a data system for the use of remote stun guns, collect data such as the frequency, scenarios and effects of the use of remote stun guns, and conduct comprehensive analysis to help formulate better training and policy measures, and help improve the use of technology. Fourth, feedback and improvement. The public security organs should regularly evaluate the actual combat effectiveness of the remote stun guns, and improve them based on experience and feedback.

(3) Strengthen special training on the application of long-range electric shock devices in law enforcement

Special training and training of long-distance stun guns are very important. They should follow the law of gradual training, from easy to difficult, from shallow to deep, and gradually transition from basic training to comprehensive training.

• It is necessary to strengthen the training of operating skills and usage procedures. First of all, the structure of the long-distance stun gun is relatively simple, and it can be used easily after training. It does not require long-term precision training like a pistol, nor does it require learning how to troubleshoot various faults. Public security police should use long-distance stun guns to achieve proficiency, and each link should be fully practiced to ensure that muscle memory is formed. Secondly, it is necessary to focus on shooting exercises on fixed targets and moving targets. By setting up human body part targets, trainees are guided to conduct firing training on safe parts of the human body, or let the situation display personnel wear protective clothing to display moving targets, so as to improve the accuracy of trainees in shooting control of dynamic targets. In addition, it is very important to add electric shock experience subjects to training. Finally, the focus should be on training on the use of procedures. Before use, the focus should be on training on identifying the situation, alert warnings, verbal warnings, etc. During use, the focus should be on training on safe firing and force transfer, etc. After use, the focus should be on training on situation reporting, rescuing the wounded, protecting the scene, and issuing written investigation reports.

• It is necessary to highlight comprehensive tactical training with multiple scenarios and all elements. The scene design must be realistic, that is, the focus should be on selecting law enforcement scenes that are suitable for non-lethal police equipment to set up the training environment. For example, the use of long-distance electric shock devices when arresting in crowded places is based on the fact that the use of weapons is prone to cause accidental injuries and there is a greater risk of unarmed arrest; the use of them in surprise arrests is based on the ability to subdue the opponent quickly and effectively; the use of them in response to extreme violent incidents is based on the fact that their subduing effect is better than the police equipment that the police are equipped with on a daily basis, filling the gap in force between weapons and police equipment; the use of them in anti-hijacking, controlling mentally ill people or suicidal and self-harming people is based on the fact that they greatly improve the life safety factor of the relevant personnel. Specific scene training should reflect all elements, and usually adopt the methods and steps of theoretical learning, tactical operations, agency exercises, and unit exercises.

(4) Increase the upgrade efforts of long-distance electric shock equipment research and development

As more and more front-line law enforcement units in China understand, recognize and purchase domestic long-distance electric shock devices, the majority of police officers have also put forward new application requirements for them, thus promoting the continuous upgrading of the functions of long-distance electric shock equipment. First, promote the integration of product functions. Restricted by the current level of scientific and technological development, the functions of the long-distance electric shock devices currently used are generally relatively simple. In the future, we should increase research and development efforts, widely apply new technologies and new materials, and consider integrating functions such as lighting, alarms, anti-seizure, video recording, stimulants, micro-ultrasound and infrasound generators into long-distance electric shock devices. Second, improve the level of equipment intelligence. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, it is possible to consider applying micro-artificial intelligence devices and electronic tracking devices to certain components of long-distance electric shock devices, adding richer data recording and communication functions to them, and even giving them the ability to automatically track and strike targets. Third, vigorously develop supporting training equipment. While enriching different types of products, we can develop a number of simulation training equipment and systems, such as training experience bullets, training bullets, protective clothing, electric shock conductive targets, etc., to address the current practical difficulties of small number of electric shock equipment and difficulty in implementing training indicators, so as to effectively improve the quality of long-distance electric shock device training and avoid abnormal equipment loss.